In 2021, Persian cats were ranked as the fourth-most popular cat breed in the world according to the Cat Fanciers' Association, an American international non-profit cat registry. Hereditary polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is prevalent in the breed, affecting almost half of the population in some countries. As is the case with the Siamese breed, there have been efforts by some breeders to preserve the older type of cat, the Traditional Persian, having a more pronounced muzzle, which is more popular with the general public. Favored by fanciers, this head structure can bring with it a number of health problems. The selective breeding carried out by breeders has allowed the development of a wide variety of coat colors, but has also led to the creation of increasingly flat-faced Persian cats. Some cat fancier organizations' breed standards subsume the Himalayan and Exotic Shorthair as variants of this breed, while others generally treat them as separate breeds. Widely recognized by the North-West European cat fancy since the 19th century, and after World War II by breeders from North America, Australia and New Zealand.
Instead there is stronger evidence for a longhaired cat breed being exported from Afghanistan and Iran from the 19th century onwards. The first documented ancestors of Persian cats might have been imported into Italy from Khorasan as early as around 1620, however this has not been proven. The Persian cat, also known as the Persian longhair, is a long-haired breed of cat characterized by a round face and short muzzle. The Exotic Shorthair and Himalayan cats are often classified as coat variants of this breed.
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